In Fences by August Wilson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1253 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Fences Essay Did you like this example? In Fences by August Wilson, Troy has the internal clashes of managing wild conditions. Racial isolation and bad form for him and his family play a major effect on his life causing a great deal of challenges for the family. In such a significant number of ways Fences is such a customary story, to the point that its capacity originates from the manners by which normal individuals hear and see it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "In Fences by August Wilson" essay for you Create order There is no uncertainty however that the illustration of the fence wins, working its way crosswise over work, family, fellowship and the passionate torment of carrying on with an actual existence truly reliant on junk for survival. This is the thing that Wilson expounded on in his Fences of the 1950s. Everything considered, in any case, it doesnt take a great deal to put a portion of these pieces together once more to make its very own distinction story sorts of wall, wooden, social, monetary. Be that as it may, at that point or now, this story is still about the conventional fizzling of a man who cant make sense of how to escape the container that encompasses him and who along these lines winds up pulling others inside his own fenced in inconveniences and torments. Being a dark man wasnt simple at that point and it is difficult today. August Wilsons Fences was focused on the life of Troy Maxson, an African American man loaded with sharpness towards the world due to the cards he was managed in life in the midst of the 1950s. In the play Troy was raised by a heartless and harsh dad, when he needed to wind up a Major League Baseball player he was rejected as a result of his race. Troy even served time in jail since he was devastated and required cash so he burglarized a bank and wound up killing a man. Troys life was definitely not simple. In the play Troy and his child Cory were advised to construct a fence around their home by Rose. Usually learning that wall are utilized in one of two different ways: to keep things outside or to keep things inside. In the play when Cory and Troy battle, Troy shows Cory out of the house saying, Cory: Tell Mama Ill be back for my things. Troy: Theyll be on the other side of that fence. (Henderson) It is in this specific entry that Troy utilizes the fence physically to speak to the isolating line among Cory and him, yet more explicitly the enthusiastic hindrance hes put among him and his family. Troy grew up with a harsh dad which makes his total passionate negligence towards his family consistent. On the off chance that the man that raised you instructed you keep your passionate monitor up even with your family, you would most likely treat your family a similar way that Troy treated his; with finish enthusiastic disregard and dismissal. The fence filling in as obstruction could likewise symbolize Troy attempting to shield himself from feeling too profoundly towards things which could wind up baffling him or as of now have. Regardless of being advanced as the principal black truck driver at his activity, he cant overlook how race shielded him from accomplishing baseball notoriety. Nonetheless, Troy can assemble a reasonable life for his family. Troy is a solid character; however his own shortcomings wind up devastating what he should esteem most, his family. All through the play, there is center around building a fence around the Maxson home; this fence turns into a similitude for Troy and different individuals from his family. While the play is set around building a literal fence, the true focus is on the metaphorical fence for each character (OReilly). For example, when Troy ended up enthusiastic about turning into a Major League Baseball player he endured extraordinary frustration when he was rejected due to his race. It was this life exercise that strengthened Troys childhood of enthusiastic negligence towards things he could develop to either need, love, or feel energetic about like his family and companions. Troys reasoning in building the fence was that in the event that you dont grow an enthusiastic connection to something, it cant hurt you, and he remained by logic till his passing. The fence additionally wound up emblematic of the obstruction Troy needed. Troy needs to manage numerous racial limits for an incredible duration. Despite the fact that he gets an advancement at work when he goes up against them on the shade of the truck drivers, Troy cant give up to the job that race has played in his life. He is reluctant to see that while things may not be immaculate, a few things have changed. Troy additionally sees the fence as an approach to keep somebody from taking what is his. He even undermines passing on the off chance that he crosses the fence. In the showdown, Troy says, Alright . . . Mr. Death. . . Im gonna take and build me a fence around what belongs to me. And then I want you to stay on the other side (2.2) Troy makes one more fence when he has an unsanctioned romance. The issue makes a limit with Rose and further extends the break among Troy and Cory. Disregarding all that Troy has continued through his life, the limits he makes inside his family keep him from really having the capacity to carry on with an upbeat life. Roses currently makes a fence that avoids Troy as much as possible. As it were, Troys unfaithfulness gave Rose an approach to get back her very own bit character. After Troys affair, Rose finds her strength in the church (OReilly) She enables Troy to remain, and when his paramour kicks the bucket amid labor, Rose brings up his tyke as her own. Be that as it may, she keeps on avoiding Troy as much as possible. In spite of the fact that she cant keep her family entire, she makes that best of her circumstance. When preparing for Troys funeral, it is Rose who forgiveness for Troy and to remember his good qualities (Overview). lan Nadel trusts that Wilson is putting forth a substantially more political articulation with the similitude of a fence. He sets up his contention with the attestation that. the idea of a fence is inextricable from the idea of property (Nadel). He proceeds in this vein, connecting property to people, connecting people as a type of property to the times of slaveholding. He at that point says that one of the human beliefs of opportunity was in possession; responsibility for. He expresses that in past occasions, Race or skin color was just such a fence. It served to separate blacks from humans, denying blacks the properties of humans and giving to humans property rights over blacks The boundaries were less clear, the fences less sturdy (Nadel). Nadel trusts that lawfully, the Dred Scott choice and the Fugitive Slave Law chose that property rights were all inclusive while human rights were neighborhood. The Mason Dixon line came about because of the Missouri Compromise and was disregarding the fifth change. Along these lines, Nadel states that, these laws and decisions mandated that the humanity of blacks be treated as a metaphor, while their non-humanity-their condition as property-be treated as literal (Nadel). The fence at that point, in August Wilsons Fences, as per Nadel, was the contradicting states of mind held towards blacks amid these occasions, that their opportunity was, not literal but figurative and that.

Ptsd Is The Abbreviation For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

PTSD is the abbreviation for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The general classification according to the DSM-V is 309.81 with an Axis I. This disorder is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder rather it is now classified as a trauma and stressor related disorder. That means anyone who experienced (direct exposure), witnessed or was confronted with an event that they might have feared for their life, and or caused serious injury to them, such as a sexual trauma event like rape. This can happen to anyone at any age, it is not just a soldier’s disorder and it haunts them for a very long time. In order to be diagnosed with PTSD there is a criterion that they use to evaluate or meet the individual’s needs for treatment. The†¦show more content†¦That is why the soldier’s had changed their behavior according to Da Costa. These are also considered some of the symptoms in PTSD today. Another name that people are familiar with came about during World War I, a nd that was shellshock. This battle was fought with high air pressure artillery that exploded when fired. The reason they called it this is because they thought that when the soldier’s had been exposed to the shells exploding it cause them to have a concussion from the brain being rattled inside of the skull and that is what caused their behaviors and symptoms. Then came World War II .A new name called â€Å"combat fatigue† or â€Å"combat exhaustion.† The reason for that is because after the first war they screened may people so the weaker ones would not pass and would not be sent out to fight. Even though they did this the soldier’s still came back with severe behavior and mental issues and would be discharged from the service. It was not until after the Korean War and the start of the Vietnam War that Psychiatrists started looking at the behaviors and issues that surrounded them. The term PTSD did not show up until the 80’s after the Vietnam War . The American Psychiatric Association who writes the DSM which stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders added this disorder to the manual to help professionals understand it and how to treat the individual that was seeking help. This disorder was not discovered by one person it is

Exercise 31 Free Essays

1. What are the two groups whose results are reflected by the t ratios in Tables 2 and 3? The two groups are pre-test and 3-month measures and pre-test and 6-month measures. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Exercise 31 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which t ratio in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the pretest and 3 months outcomes? Is this t ratio statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. The t ratio for Total risk score represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the pre-test and 3 months outcomes because the value of t test statistics is bigger than any other group. This ratio is statistically significant because the p-value corresponding to this group is less than 0. 05. 3. Which t ratio listed in Table 3 represents the smallest relative difference between the pretest and 3 months? Is this t ratio statistically significant? What does this result mean? The t ratio for Stress management the smallest relative difference between the pre-test and 3 months because the values of t test statistics is smaller than any other group. This ratio is not statistically significant because here the p-value is bigger than 0. 5. This result depicts that there is no significant difference in the stress management at pre-test and after 3 months. Stress management is same at pre-test and at 3 months. 4. What are the assumptions for conducting a t-test for dependent groups in a study? Which of these assumptions do you think were met by this study? The assumptions for conducting a t-test for dependent groups in a study are the data for both group should be normally di stributed and the groups are correlated with each other. The groups are correlated because the same measurement is taken over from the same subject at pre-test, 3 months and at 6 months. There are 25 subjects in this study and out of 25, 21 have completed the study, it means that the data is enough to conduct the paired sample t test. Also the data should be continuous and this assumption was met because the data is obtained on a interval or ratio scale. 5. Compare the 3 months and 6 months t ratios for the variable Exercise from Table 3. What is your conclusion about the long-term effect of the health-promotion intervention on Exercise in this study? We can see that the magnitude of the score value is larger at 3 months and levels off at 6 months, thus we conclude that over time the long-term health-promotion intervention on Exercise in this study has less of an effect than in the short-term. 6. What is the smallest, significant t ratio listed in Table 2? Provide a rationale for your answer. The smallest significant t ratio is 2. 03 for variable Cholesterol at 3 months. This ratio is significant at 5% level and this is smallest among all other significant t ratios. 7. Why are the larger t ratios more likely to be statistically significant? The larger t ratios are more likely to be statistically significant because it takes a larger difference between the treatment and comparator with smaller variation. The larger the t ratios the more confident we are about our results. In terms of mathematics, the 99% of the observation for t distribution falls between -3 and +3. So if the t ratio lies outside these values we are more likely to get significant results. 8. Did the health-promotion program have a statistically significant effect on Systolic blood pressure (BP) in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. No, the health-promotion program do not have a statistically significant effect on Systolic blood pressure (BP) in this study because at both end points such as 3 months and 6 months, the p-values are bigger than 0. 05, so we can conclude that the health-promotion program do not have a statistically significant effect on Systolic blood pressure (BP). 9. Examine the means and standard deviations for Systolic BP at pretest, 3 months (completion of the treatment), and 6 months. What do these results indicate? Are these results clinically important? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean and standard deviation for Systolic BP for pre-test is 121. 7 and 14. 6, for 3 months the means and standard deviations is 117. 2 and 12. 3 and for 6 months the mean and standard deviation is 115. 6 and 13. 4. These results are clinically important because we can see that the mean Systolic BP is decreased after 3 months and after 6 months. The treatment is effective in lowering the Systolic BP as the time passes. In a long run, these results can be significant. 10. Is this study design strong or weak? Provide a rationale for your answer. The design for this study is strong because the there is only one group and we want to see whether there is any significant difference or reduction in some measurement after receiving the treatment or therapy. This design serves the purpose of the study. The only drawback in this design is that there is no blinding of treatment. Table 2 *p 0. 05. aPaired t-test results between the pretest and 3-month measures. bPaired t-test results between the pretest and 6-month measures. Table 3 *p 0. 05. aPaired t-test results between the pretest and 3-month measures. bPaired t-test results between the pretest and 6-month measures. How to cite Exercise 31, Essay examples

Pervasion of Bullying through Digital Medium

Question: Discuss about thePervasion of Bullying through Digital Medium. Answer: Introdution Jamey Rodemeyer was a 14-year-old boy from New York who was taunted for being gay. He was teased for being different than the other boys. He was victimized and aggressively treated online (Boyd, and Marwick, 2011). He was taunted from many of his peers. He decided to end his life after he felt that no one listened to his pleas. Jamey was different he repeatedly reaches out and seek help. This is not the case at all times. Teenagers start to define themselves based on their peer approval and assume they have the tools to control the situation. They do not seek the help of the adults esp. the parents. The teenagers start to feel that they are powerless in these kind of situation and try to handle the issues by themselves (Hinduja and Patchin, 2010.). In these cases, they do not make the right choices. Megan Meier was 13 years old when she decided to take her own life by hanging herself in the bedroom closet. Megan was suffering from attention deficit disorder and depression with regards to her weight. She befriended a person called Josh Evans in an online portal (Maag, 2007). After a few weeks Josh started to become cruel towards Megan. He started saying the world would be a better place without you. Other students also posted disturbing messages to Megan. She decided to take her life in October 2006 before her 14th Birthday. These cases are not isolated incidents. Not all bullying victims choose to end their life. But they have the emotional marks of being abused throughout their life (Beran, and Li, 2008.). These cases of Jamey and Megan are symbolization of the larger issues. The roots of the bullying represent the larger factions of the society. Many teenagers are victimized for being different from their peer groups. According to the statistical figures and data documentation 25% of the teenager report that they have experienced some form of bullying in their digital tools such as phone or the internet. 52% of the young people state that they have been the victim of bullying online. 11% of the adolescent teens report that they have embarrassing or damaging pictures of themselves online. These pictures are mostly taken without the consent or the knowledge of the party. Many of these victims still do not speak about their issues. This leads to the daunting task of identifying the impact these bullies cause on the victims to prevent any unwarranted actions. The reasons for the young people to consider ending their life is a really sad situation. They need to have a better handle over the situation They feel powerless and assume that they have no control over their life. In this case there should be laws protecting the victims and preventing the bullies from victimizing. In the current times the people are using internet more than ever. There has been an ubiquitous use of technology in the recent times. The people like having constant access and mediums to voice their opinion. The internet is not a simple or a convenient way to have fun. It has become a large part of the social life. The email and the chatting with friends are a common phenomenal. To address the issues of cyber bullying the issue of bullying need to be addressed. Bullying has always existed in the schools and colleges. It has been a critical issue for the schools and colleges over decades. The bullys use violent behavior that is physically abusive or taunt the victims with words (Campbell, 2005). The so called reasons for the bully is to gain peer approval. They consider themselves superior by being a bully to others. By demonizing and teasing another person they start to form bonds with the members of their own group. This form of teasing allows the bully to gain friendships. This is the main reason for the bullies to taunt their victims over the period. The advent of the social mediums and internet has led to easier documentation of bullying (Gradinger, Strohmeier, and Spiel, 2009). In the past times there were no real evidence to state that a person was being victimized. When the victims comment to the adults they often consider it a small issue or a non-issue. Some of the parents assume that this would lead to the kids being strengthened as stronger adults. More often than not the adults tend to dismiss a conflict that hurts the sentiments of the teenagers (Willard, 2006). The drama has been considered as a frivolous. The instigators think that this act of bullying is harmless fun but they have dire consequences. Intervention for teenagers should be directed towards making them empowered. From analysis of many news stories and cases from across the world it is can be seen that cyber bullying has emerged as a major problem. The issue with cyber bullying is that it is discarded as a teenagers melodrama. It was considered as a drama that encompasses the issues of minor teenagers problem, makeup, gossip and breakups (Garaigordobil, and Martnez-Valderrey, 2015). This bullying is considered to be nothing but a drama of the teenager. It is dismissed by the adults. Rather it is a protective mechanism for the adults or the law to deal with this issues. They discard the hurt sentiments of the teenagers and this leads them to feel powerlessness. This issue of bullying has increased manifold owing to the development of technology. It is now easier to harass someone over the Internet. This has grown in the case of cyber bullying. There is a lot of mind games that is involved in bullying. It makes the other person feel like a pariah. These verbal assaults and posting of negative issues also causes the same harm as school yard bullying. The people from many portals use their voice to tease a person. These bullying cases are sadly not limited towards the younger population. The adults are also experiencing these forms of derogatory comments. They are made to address these comments and the people form judgements. The advent of social media has caused the people to voice their opinions and at the same time use these opinions to create division in the society. The legislation and the laws should protect the people from being victimized. There should be some mandates by the government to ensure that the people are protected from these vicious attacks. There should be stronger laws and stringent actions that should be taken by the government in these cases. The government should provide the tools for the teenagers to protect themselves. The government can develop more hotlines or online mediums to report the attacks anonymously. They should protect the victims in the society. These teenagers are actually victims to the larger issues that is pervading the society. The only way to address bullying is by protecting the victims by stringent laws and educating the younger generation to empower themselves. They should be encouraged to voice against the bullies and they should be protected. To achieve this paradigm, the teachers, parents, student councilors and the government should develop integrated efforts to empower and educate the young popula tion from being victimized. Cyberbullying is a complicated issue. The adults esp. the caregivers and the parents need to educate themselves with the recent developments in technology (Kowalski et al., 2012). They need to find ways to address these issues. They should work with the children and talk to them to explain the ways in which they can protect themselves from being victimized. The adults need to understand the issues of cyberbullying and the law needs to catch up with the issues of bullying. Words have a physical and emotional impact. Bullying causes deep emotional disturbances for the people (Bazelon, 2013.). The goal of the parents and the law should be directed towards intervention at the moment of the children being victimized. The focus should be directed towards the teenagers cultural frame and empathy. The interventions should be a practice followed by the teachers and the law to develop confidence in the teenagers. They should not consider themselves to the oppressed or the oppressor. They should rather focus on the expanding their horizons and developing confidence. To conclude, cyberbullying is an issue that needs to be addressed and all the members of the society should work towards to helping one another. The rising technology also has given rise to its own set of challenges. They should be addressed tactfully. This should be addressed to create a safer environment for all people. Reference: Bazelon, E., 2013. Defining bullying down.New York Times,12. Belsey, B., 2005. Cyberbullying: An emerging threat to the always on generation.Recuperado el,5. Beran, T. and Li, Q., 2008. The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying.The Journal of Student Wellbeing,1(2), pp.16-33. Boyd, D. and Marwick, A., 2011. Bullying as true drama.The New York Times,22. Campbell, M.A., 2005. Cyber Bullying: An Old Problem in a New Guise?.Australian journal of Guidance and Counselling,15(01), pp.68-76. Garaigordobil, M. and Martnez-Valderrey, V., 2015. Effects of Cyberprogram 2.0 on" face-to-face" bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy.Psicothema,27(1), pp.45-51. Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D. and Spiel, C., 2009. Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems.Zeitschrift fr Psychologie/Journal of Psychology,217(4), pp.205-213. Hinduja, S. and Patchin, J.W., 2010. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide.Archives of suicide research,14(3), pp.206-221. Kowalski, R.M., Limber, S.P., Limber, S. and Agatston, P.W., 2012.Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age. John Wiley Sons. Maag, C., 2007. When the bullies turned faceless.The New York Times,16. Slonje, R. and Smith, P.K., 2008. Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?.Scandinavian journal of psychology,49(2), pp.147-154. Willard, N., 2006. Cyberbullying and cyberthreats.Eugene, OR: Center for Safe and Responsible Internet Use.

Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship Essay Example

Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship Essay Women entrepreneurship is a business, which is headed by women. Women entrepreneurship has become a massive phenomenon in the twentieth century and was called the quiet revolution. In a postindustrial society, there were special preconditions for women entrepreneurship – the transition from commodity production to services, and a woman in such a situation was particularly demanded by society. The women’s social skills and psychological characteristics were demanded, especially the ability to generate new ideas in non-standard conditions, the ability to inspire confidence, intuition, etc. The most dynamic process of establishing women entrepreneurship could be seen in the United States, where more than 30% of small business was in the hands of women, and this number tends to increase. On a global dimension, women own more than one third of business and hire quarter of the workforce. In families with two working adults about one quarter of women earn more than their husbands. As negative factors for the development of women’s entrepreneurship we should mention gender discrimination, as well as (indicated, in particular, by psychologist Horner) â€Å"pattern of internal barriers† – a fear of leadership or fear of success. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Entrepreneurship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women are afraid of negative evaluation by the close (or not close) males. Moreover, the fear of leadership is not only peculiar to adult women, which can be determined by the peculiarities of the female experience, but even to able, gifted girls. In addition, an important factor is the uncertainty of women self-confidence and low self-esteem, aggravated by the lack of necessary professional ambition. Another factor is the lack of a sufficient number of examples to follow. In general, the power of sex-role stereotyping continues is dominant, but that does not mean that in the future, due to the ongoing influx of women in business, it will not relent. The problem of women entrepreneurship in the world is quite extensively studied, particularly in terms of the need for state support for women entrepreneurship for economic prosperity. In the United States, the Section of female small business of the U.S. Congress is created, with which Congress passed the Act on Women’s Business (1988). The final report of the Department of new features, prepared by European explorers to the Commission of the European Communities, was focused on four objects: 1) the state of women’s entrepreneurship in the EU, 2) methodological approaches, the main features and typology of female entrepreneurship, 3) help to women entrepreneurs and their place in the common system to support new enterprises, 4) business and problems of equal opportunities for male and female entrepreneurs. To find the best way to prepare and outline your research proposal on women entrepreneurship, you are welcome to use free research papers on different topics. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Women Entrepreneurship topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Free Essays on The Prelude

worth tends to use personification in his poem when relating to n... Free Essays on The Prelude Free Essays on The Prelude In Wordsworth’s autobiographical poem, The Prelude, the author presents a variety of contradictory emotions. In fact, he goes through a cycle of various moods in response to the different scenes and situations he encounters. Such transition of feeling are transmitted through the use of diction, imagery and tone. Wordsworth uses descriptive words that create different atmospheres through out the poem. The reader is first introduced to a peaceful and pacific setting. The author describes the ride his going to take as an act of â€Å"stealth† full of mystery. It is as if he wants to keep this unexpected meeting with nature to himself. Furthermore as the landscape becomes more attractive and brighter each time he â€Å"lustily† dips his oars to reach the promising horizon. Wordsworth appears to be in search of paradise and is determined to reach it. Moreover, Wordsworth suddenly sees a figure that changes the pleasant ride into a scary one. The author feels menaced by a huge figure and therefore starts â€Å"trembling† when dipping the oars. His determination seems to have disappeared as well as his confidence. Additionally, Wordsworth decides to go back to the â€Å"covert† that the willow tree offers. The author needed to look for a place where he felt p rotected; a shelter within nature to escape from his fear. In addition, by the end of the poem the author starts using more vague words to represent his feelings. He describes what he saw in his ride as an â€Å"spectacle,† a remarkable sight. Wordsworth began to interpret what he saw as something threatening, something that filled him up with a â€Å"dim† and â€Å"undetermined† sensation. After his experience he recalled what he felt as â€Å"solitude.† This sudden change in the author made him realize that he was alone in his search for a better place and something as vague as a figure frightened him. Wordsworth tends to use personification in his poem when relating to n...

Secular America - Pharisees of the New Millennium Assignment

Secular America - Pharisees of the New Millennium - Assignment Example Secularization has been at the core of America’s founding as a nation. Religion has been given a minor role and influenced by the Founding Fathers based on the fundamental fact that it is against rational thinking and that it provides a less valid way of understanding reality, at least, in comparison with the humanist perspective, science, among other social institutions. According to Ostwalt (2003), this phenomenon gained traction sometime in the 1960s when the prevalent thought was religion as something that controls and manipulates and that freedom from it is an ideal way of life, a form of enlightenment for humanity (2). Morrison (1948) observed that the core liberalism in America emerged proposing a radical criticism of the Christian faith in light of modern culture instead of proposing a radical criticism of modern culture in the light of Christian faith (87). This came with his discourse that posited how Protestantism, the dominant religion in America, has embraced mode rn culture so that most of its components appeared to be sanctioned and ended up secularizing the American public life (Smith, 2003, 303).  Today, even with the aggressive initiatives on the part of religious authorities, to reverse or counter the influence of secularization, there is very little impact achieved. This can be attributed to several fundamental reasons. One of these is that argument that states how many forces of secularization are identified with the values of Romanticism, the Renaissance in addition to the Enlightenment and scientific revolutions, which have been encouraged by the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church itself (Norman, 2007, 32). The idea is that these phenomena and institutions created social constructs that established the platform and environment in which secularization took root, thrived and flourished.

Is Suffering Good for Christians Research Paper

Is Suffering Good for Christians - Research Paper Example As a result, human beings are bound to suffer for the sins of their fathers. However, Jesus came to the rescue of human beings and throughout his mission alleviated the human beings from physical and spiritual suffering. Jesus suffered on behalf of the world and his close follower such as Peter followed the same path. Christian suffering today symbolizes their willingness to follow Christ and to draw closer to their creator. As such, the idea that prevails is that suffering is good for Christians as it is the bridge between them and God. Many religious scholars have come to link the concept of Christian suffering with the sin of man in the garden of Aden. In the Garden of Aden God, Adam and Eve live a life free of suffering prior to their sin against God. At the creation of the world, there was not any form of suffering such as diseases, accidents, death, poverty, or any other form of suffering. However, the sin of the first parents of man paved way for the entry of sin in the life of Man. On creating Adam, God ordered him to eat from all the trees and to benefit from every creation apart from the tree at the middle of the garden. The Serpent incited the couple to eat this fruit and the feel into the temptation only to realize that they had offended their creator. Disobedience of God’s command was the reason why they succumbed to suffering (Herion, Astrid, Freedman 23). Their life changes from a perfect life to one punctuated with lots of suffering for both man and woman. Most Christians have come to associat e their own suffering with that of their first parents Adam and Eve that was the result of disobedience. When Adam and Eve disobeyed God, He proclaimed punishment for their sins and this marked the beginning of suffering. For Adam, he condemned him to suffer by toiling for his daily living, working on barren land, diseases and all forms of suffering. For the woman, the lord proclaimed labour pain while bearing children. In addition, all human

Australian Financial Institutions and Markets Essay

Australian Financial Institutions and Markets - Essay Example While banks are the major asset holding financial institutions in Australia there are other major players in this arena. The increase the economic power of the banks and deregulation of the 1980's has increased the market share over other financial institutions such as NBFI's(non-bank financial institution), super funds, and other managed fund accounts (Lewis and Wallace 1997, 76). According to Wallace (1997,77) there are 3 major reasons for these changes. "Large banks have an advantage in competition, Australian banks have significant advantages in the form of customer loyalty and extensive branch networks, with the record profits in the industry the banks have access to increasing amounts of capital and finally many of the newer banks in the industry had no clear strategy when they entered the market, giving the big 4 an advantage." Now that banks have come into the market they are competing on several different levels with other financial institutions, "insurance companies and sup erannuation funds compete directly in the market for managed funds, and their products compete directly with instruments provided by the funds management arms of banks (Wallace and Lewis, 1197, 233). However as noted by Wallace and Lewis (1197, 233) life insurance and superannuation funds still comprise 80% of the managed funds sector. 2.1 Insurance In 2002 the insurance industry in Australia held $173.9 billion in assets (Vinley 2003, 36). Insurance companies hold this large amount of assets because they have policy holders paying in monthly sums that may never be paid out or are paid out in smaller sums than were paid in. Insurance companies then use these assets to make money in financial markets through managed funds. Australian banks have sought to enter the insurance market and compete with the existing firms. According to the Wall Street Journal(2005,1), Commonwealth Bank, one of the big 4 banks in Australia recently reported a 50% gain in first half profit which was a result of their wealth management business and a steady result from their insurance arm. The ability of banks to expand into other financial services has affected the insurance industry as the Big 4 banks in Australia now compete with them. The insurance industry has now also begun to move into the domain of other financial services in order to maintain the ir asset base. Vinley (2003, 36) points out that insurance companies have seen a "decline in assets, but this has been offset by significant increases in their managed funds operations, particularly superannuation. The percentage share of superannuation assets has increased to 14.5 % from 1990-2002." 2.2 Superannuation In Australia, superannuation is paid into the funds by employer contributions under the Superannuation Guarantee Charge and by individuals as voluntary contributions (Frino 2005, 2). Superannuation funds make their money by charging small fees for asset management as well as making returns by investing the large amount of assets they have. As stated before insurance companies are now creeping into the superannuation market, but so are Australian banks. They have become one stop shopping for customers in the

Main factor Project management for successful completion of a project

Main factor Project management for successful completion of a project Project management is an important aspect of an organization a main factor for successful completion of a project. In todays changing times tools such as project management, if used properly can provide a useful way for organizations to manage that change effectively. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking. The quality of a project is the result of many factors the quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project manager make things happen on a project. A project needs a good planning, organization management which would bring out the maximum benefits for the organization and this can be only achieved by a good leader-Project manager. Another area which needs a lot of attention in an organization is conflicts disputes. Conflict is an inevitable aspect of an organization. It can be destructive as well as functional and it depends on the project manager to resolve the conflict in a manner so that it does not lead to the loss for an organization. There have been many past studies on project success factors affecting project success. These include Project managers competence, control systems responsibilities, selection of teams, politics, contracting solving of conflicts, proper allocation of resources etc. Effective project management begins with selecting and prioritizing projects that support the firms strategy and mission. Project managers have to plan and budget projects as well as orchestrate the contributions of others. Social-skills, decision making skills, problem handling skills, opportunities recognizing skills, and management of conflicts are certain personal attributes of a project manager affecting p roject success. The main aim of study is to find different attributes of a project manager which would help in overcoming all the challenges faced while working on a project as this marks the success of any organization. Project manager plays a very important role in a successful working of any organization and the aim of this study is to deeply study all those attributes which a project manager must have to become a good leader who can manage his team well extract maximum benefits out of them within the limits of time, money resources. Projects are inherently uncertain face unexpected events, from small changes to unforeseen changes like conflicts within organization, with the client, resource unavailability, etc. Project Manager forms a link between the top management the other employees so it is the responsibility of the project manager to maintain a good balance between both. The conflict can arise in top management as well as other employees. The aim of the study is to see how project manag ers respond to such events. As this forms a major reason for the success of any organization, the aim is to give an in depth study of these characteristics of a good project manager which is profitable for all the organizations draw a critical relationship between the Project Managers managerial attributes, the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The study would also recommend some methodological processes, conceptual frameworks, experiments, experiences some conclusions drawn from various studies done in various companies compare contrast them with previous studies to attain a broad analysis for successful working of a project manager his role in successful completion of a project within the given constraints. Initially the study would examine what a project is, what project management is and what is the role of a project manager. Then the study would examine the causes, types effects of conflict followed by the ways they can be resolved the role of Project manager in conflict resolution. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy starts with an aim objective in mind. The aim the objective of present study are as follows: AIM: To study the roles responsibilities of an effective Project Manager analyze what attributes of a Project Manager are required to resolve different conflicts in an organization. OBJECTIVES: To define Project Project Management. To define the roles responsibilities of an effective quality Project Manager. To define conflict, examine its causes, types, core processes effects in an organization. To examine what attributes of a Project Manager are required to manage Conflict effectively. The key words used in the study include: Project, Project Management, Project Manager quality, Project manager roles, Unexpected events, Conflict, Conflict Management, work performance of Project Manager, Managerial attributes, Project Performance, Power, Politics, organizational politics, leadership, communication, motivation, managing project teams, project stakeholders, project life cycle. These words are relevant for the search because they cover the required objectives of the study. They help in finding the appropriate journal papers, links or other information regarding the different aspects of a project, project management, Project manager, conflict conflict management by a project manager. These words help in finding information that can describe the overall aim objectives of the study. The other sources of information include: Search engine used: Science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Engineering Village. Other sources: Project Management: the managerial process 4e by Gray Larson. Business Psychology Organizational Behavior by Eugene McKenna. Commercial Management of Projects defining the discipline by Dawid Lowe with Roine Leiringer. Industrial Organizational Psychology by John B. Miner. www.ogc.gov.uk www.apm.org.uk REVIEWS OF FOUR JOURNAL PAPERS: Project Quality project managers: This journal paper Project Quality Project managers- http://tinyurl.com/24d9ue8 emphasizes on the fact that a successful project requires sound project management practices and for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a project manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes. The research discussed in the paper is sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute. The main purpose of the paper is to confirm the critical relationship between the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The paper emphasizes on the effective project management practices their use by project managers at all levels during a project life cycle. The paper argues that the relationship between a Project Managers managerial attributes project success is indirect. The project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. Further the paper also argues that the high quality managerial attributes are an equally important contributor to project success and commensurate with high quality technical skills. The paper presents the key principles recommended practices such as strategic project organizing, design effectiveness, project control management of quality articulated by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) the Business Roundtables Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (CICE) project. They are believed to have the strongest effect on project performance. The paper clearly defines the objectives scope of the research. The data does not only give theoretical results but also provides empirical support by acquiring data through detailed questionnaire developed to survey 400 construction companies where the respondents provide individual views based on their experiences on projects in the heavy engineering, building industrial construction sectors. This paper also provides strategies to improve project manager effectiveness. This helps in deeper understanding of the managers ability to consistently produce project success. However this paper considers only the aspect of project Manager as the factor for project success. Project success could be assessed not only on project management techniques but also on other external factors. The Project Manager must also allow the client to take equal responsibility of the project. It is important to determine the expectations importance of each customer in the project by the project manager as t his also marks one of the factors for successful running of project. [1,2] Along with leadership skills there is also a need of emotional competencies and as the project managers progress they need to enhance their leadership competencies particularly developing the emotional dimensions. [3] This paper also does not examine the working environment affecting the performance of project managers. This is important not only for determining the success of a project, but also in continual of the good performance of project managers. [4] The research done by CII CICE indicates that the critical factor to project success is the quality of a Project Manager. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking requires many factors. The quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project Manager needs to stress different attributes at different times over the life of a project to make the project successful. Many Project Managers are perceived to lack the requisite managerial skills so new strategies such as increased pre appointment training, mentor system, careful selection of potential project managers etc are suggested to improve the quality of an effective Project Manager. 2) Conflict its management: This journal article http://tinyurl.com/37skcfr presents a detailed analysis of conflict its management by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Managers, mediators etc. The paper first examines the causes, core processes effects of conflict subsequently probes into conflict escalation de-escalation, context conflict management. In the end the paper also concludes some suggestions for future research provides recommendations for practicing managers. The article highlights the issues by reviewing certain scholarly reviews of the conflict literature which have already been published. The major purpose of the article is to draw attention towards the inevitable unanticipated nature of conflict and how these can be managed by disputants or by third parties such as Project Managers who play an important role in conflict management. The article defines conflict as a process where one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. It then goes onto explain the causes of conflict like individual characteristics, inter-personal factors, communication, behavior, etc. It explains the effects of conflicts on individuals organization subsequently determines the concept of conflict escalation de-escalation. It then unfolds the conflict context which has been approached from 4 different perspectives: (i) A description of the conflict setting, (ii) A reference to the independent variables, (iii) The environment in which the conflict is embedded (iv) The structural level or paradigm of the conflict. The article then explores the role of disputants in managing conflict such as Perspective (establish co-operative goals, note the alternatives etc), descriptive ( agree to symbols of defeat, compromise, convert the opponent etc) the role of third parties such as Project manager tactics (adopting appropriate leadership styles, group-discussions, encouraging negotiations etc), mediation, arbitration, conciliation recapitulation. The article helps in deeper understanding of all the phases of conflict, its inevitable nature, its effects causes. It not only explains the conflict phases , its management but also gives research managerial suggestions for future references. The suggestions provided though are beneficial for the practicing managers but should have been more detailed provide with examples to help in clear understanding of the point. It is important to identify five modes of conflict resolution such as confronting, compromising, smoothing, forcing avoiding. [5] This article does not mention any cognitive analysis. Cognitive analysis approach( identifying conflict domain, generation of conflict cases, exercise of judgment, analysis of result cognitive feedback) identifies cognitive difference between the parties as the main source of conflict which needs to be taken care by a Project manager.[6] An awareness of the potential approaches to conflict resolution and the understanding of their consequ ences can provide project managers with a invaluable set of tools to create an optimal work environment. The article concludes that a conflict is self-generating inevitable in an organization. The conflict process is dynamic, self-perpetuating constantly changing: like effects become causes; original causes may disappear; new causes arise; the number of parties change etc. This makes conflict management a difficult target. Project Manager plays an important role in recognizing conflicts managing them as and when required. Conflict is prevalent cannot be recognized at all times so its management requires a lot of efforts. The challenge for organizational leaders and project managers is to try to maintain the right balance and intensity of conflict in project management. By utilizing project management principles, understanding the dynamics of conflict, and learning approaches to conflict resolution, managers will be able to establish an environment in which creativity and innovation is encouraged and project goals are accomplished. [7] 3) The Titanic sunk, so what? Project manager response to unexpected events. The journal article http://tinyurl.com/364k9rb studies the responses of Project manager to unexpected events during a project life cycle. This paper stresses on the point that unanticipated events are inevitable in a project the project success depends on the responses of the project manager to such events. This paper explores the gap between the practice success by defining three elements namely: Event, Response the perceived success. The article compares contrasts the successful unsuccessful responses to draw attention on successful practices. As responding to unexpected events is a fundamental function in project management, an analysis of 44 unexpected events faced by 22 experienced Project Managers in defense defense related organizations was conducted in the given study. The participants were asked to think of significant unforeseeable events during the project which took them by surprise or were unknown or unpredicted their responses were recorded to such events. The research was designed using a grid to unfold the differences between successful unsuccessful responses to unexpected events from the perspective of a project manager. The results found that some participants had difficulty in identifying unknown-unknowns ( circumstances, events outcomes that were not identified in the first place) from known-unknowns ( circumstances, events or outcomes that have been identified as possibly existing, but do not know whether they will take place or not). The ability to identify possible risks reflects the experience of the participants. The main purpose of the paper is to draw the importance of unexpected events during a project which many times are just neglected by Managers to study their responses in such events. These unexpected events threaten the viability of a project. The study carried on groups organizations looked at the behavior of individuals during crisis like situation. An Adapted Repertory Grid (RepGrid) method was used to explore the unexpected events their responses. The data was collected in three steps namely: discussion on each event to derive an overview of what happened in each event, response monitoring finally evaluation of the internal validity of data. The study revealed that successful responses were organic based on three pillars: A responsive functioning structure at organizational level, good interpersonal relationships at group level competent people at the individual level. The study gives an idea of responses to unexpected events their evaluation as success or failure. Certain studies suggest that conflict develops not only in environmental circumstances but in the styles used by individuals when confronted with a conflict. The manner in which a person responds to organizational decision and uncertainty will influence the responses of others and the individuals work experience. [8] But this has again beeen contradicted by concluding that a Project managers previous experience has a minimal impact on the projects performance whereas the size of the previous managed project does affect the managers performance.[9]. However some researchers found no relationship between project success project size. [10] The results conclude that the successful responses to unexpected events lie within the three pillars: Responses functioning structure, Good interpersonal relations Competent people. Simple, responsible functioning structures are highlighted by the study participants as fundamental pillars of success. The analysis suggests that there is a need to refrain from merely adopting a process based approach to predict all possible events. It should be understood that the combination of structure, people, relationship are more likely to enable a successful response to an unanticipated event. The result emphasizes to focus on behavioral aspects of project management further draws attention on successful unsuccessful responses of project managers to such events. 4) Understanding the role of politics in successful project management: This journal paper http://tinyurl.com/2va3ass links the ability of project manager other key players in an organization to understand the importance of organizational politics which is one of the major factors of conflict as a sign towards successful project management. Politics is most often regarded as damaging but common experiences acknowledge that politics often one of the prime moving forces within any organization for better or worse. The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention towards the role of politics in successful project management identifying ways in which Project managers can use politics in a positive effective manner. It focuses on the point that Project Management politics are inextricably linked. Successful managers are those who understand that their job consists of more than simply being technically managerially competent. Power politics is rarely addressed in project management but it needs to be understood that their presence is ubiquitous their impact is significant. The paper points to three modes of power: Authority, Status influence illustrates that these are the key problems faced by Project Manager in attempting to develop their projects in organizations. The paper explains the implications of project politics stresses that a Project Manager needs to acknowledge politics as a fact of organizational project life. It focuses on the fact that it is important to learn to cultiv ate appropriate political tactics as they decide whether it is healthy or unhealthy give characteristics of political behavior like underlying attitudes, techniques etc. Politics if not handled on time may lead to conflicts within the organization so a Project manager needs to acknowledge politics and manage it accordingly. The article suggests some measures to be adopted by Project manager such as the need to employ certain tactics such as conduct performance appraisals on their project team subordinates as it helps in sending a clear message throughout the members that the projects are valuable project contributions among team members will be remembered rewarded. The Project Manager needs to learn the art of influencing by developing a reputation as an expert, and also suggests a Project Manager to develop good negotiating skills recognize that conflict is a natural side effect of project management. These tactics as suggested can help Project managers in dealing with politics hence would prevent conflict within the team. This article gives a good understanding of politics which generally is neglected by Project managers. Organizational politics is one of the important factors responsible for conflicts in an organization but this factor many times is neglected. Conflict if avoided can lead to difficult situations. . Managers at all levels of an organization should be attentive to enhancing employee perceptions of organizational justice in order to encourage the use of more cooperative styles for organizational conflict management.[10] There needs to be more emphasis on project team relationship as it can be one of the causes of politics and hence can lead to conflicts. Unwillingness to cooperate is one of the major reasons for failed teams leading to conflicts Hence, successful project completion depends to a large extent on members being able to work together effectively.[4] This article helps to draw attention towards the importance of politics provides effective project implementation techniques w hich may help in avoiding conflicts arising from politics. But it does not provide any empirical data proving the theories mentioned. The paper concludes that politics and project management are interlinked a project cannot be run without understanding politics. Politics is not necessarily evil but depends on how it is used that decides its effect. Managers do not understand the importance of politics many times but they need to understand that politics is ubiquitous; that is it operates across organizations functional boundaries.. Successful Project Managers are aware that politics, if used judiciously can have an extraordinary positive impact on the implementation of their projects.. SUMMARY: The journals provide a clear understanding of project, project management, roles responsibilities of a project manager, conflicts unexpected events in an organization the ways in which a Project manager could successfully manage them. All the journals focus on one point which is that a successful Project Manager requires a sound project management practices for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a Project Manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes knows to handle unanticipated situations in a project life-cycle. The research sponsored by the CII( Construction Industry Institute) in the first paper-Project Quality Project Manager highlights the importance of a quality Project Manager as one of the basic factors required for the success of a project. The paper specifies some suggestions to improve the Project manager effectiveness such as increased pre-appointment training, Establishing a mentor system, careful selection of potential Project Manager etc. The second journal article-Conflict its Management presents a broad analysis of conflict its management. This article stresses on the fact that conflict is inevitable in an organization can be handled by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Manager. Again this article stresses on the importance of the managerial qualities required in a Project Manager to handle conflict effectively. It provides suggestions for Project Managers to overcome conflict. These include: Project Manager should not always avoid conflict, should identify the issues carve them down to manageable set etc. Both the journal papers suggests that an effort needs to be made to identify develop key management skills that may be unique to the project management environment. The third journal -Project Managers response to unexpected events opines that projects can face unexpected events studies how Project Managers respond to such events. The article examines some events but found that human behavior issues predominantly led to failure while all other types of events could be managed either successfully or unsuccessfully. It identifies three pillars on which success response was dependent: Response functioning structure(high degree of freedom, rapid decision making implementation etc); good interpersonal relationship( Engagement with stakeholders, communication relationship between people involved) competent people( competence of leader team, behavior including self awareness ability to deal with stressful situations). The fourth journal paper- Understanding the role of politics in project management identifies organizational politics as one of the causes of conflict reveals that successful project management is linked to the ability of a Project Manager to understand its importance to make it work for project success. It states that project politics are interlinked it is up to what Project managers do depends on their ability to effectively manage not only the technical aspect of their job but also the behavioral side as well. It also focuses on the behavioral issues which need to be effectively handled by a Project Manger by understanding the dynamics of conflict process by learning to cultivate appropriate political tactics. It can be summarized that a project is an endeavor undertaken to meet specified goals objectives is usually constrained by time, scope budget. The discipline of planning, organizing managing resources to bring about the successful completion of such goals objectives during a project is known as Project management. A project manager is vital indispensable in any project. It is the Project manager who is accountable for accomplishing the objectives goals during a project life-cycle. The key project manger responsibilities include clear attainable project objectives, building the requisite environment, managing all the constraints of project, managing all unexpected events during a project such as conflicts etc. The quality of Project Manager is critical to achieving project success. Project Managers should emphasize different attributes at different stages of a project to be more effective. A project manager needs to understand that projects are inherently uncertain should be ready to manage them by understanding their importance make them work for project success. Proper skills in dealing with conflict can assist project managers and other organization members to handle and effectively resolve conflicts which can lead to a more productive organization as a whole. Using Project management principles and applying them gives the project manager the ability to establish success measures, incorporate quality principles, resolve conflicts and unexpected events, address future risk before becoming a problem, work within the scope of the project etc. The Project manager must have a combination of above average leadership human relations skills and administrative experience. Project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. An effective Project manager should be capable of making decisions, communicate actions eliciting the commitment of team members. An effective Project Manager needs to diagnose conflict manage it by various methodologies such as improving communication, encourage joint responsibilities, create new alternatives, instill a co-operative, problem solving attitude between the conflicting groups. Successful project manager understand that project management skills if used judiciously can have an extra-ordinary impact on the successful implementation of their projects. Great successful organizations have always believed in idea generators executors for overall excellence. Project Manager is expected to have both qualities and the ability to handle all events during the course of a project. Effective instrumental leadership abilities initiatives have always lend a Midas touch to the organization. Since the aim of the study to be done is to analyze Project Managers roles and responsibilities and define attributes required in a Project Manager to prevent conflict during a project life cycle, these journals help in supporting the fact that Project Managers are one of the important factors required for project success. These journals define the various conflicts, its causes and explore the characteristics required in a Project manager to overcome unexpected events during a project. This would help in the further study of the current research and help in achieving the objectives of the research.

Vietnam - And Domino Theory Essay -- essays research papers fc

The revolutionary worldwide spread of communism has always been a great fear to the USA. In the past, America has gone to many wars to psychologically protect its ideology against powerful nations. That the ‘domino theory’ and the cold war mentality held by the USA, primarily justified their involvement in Vietnam. It was after World War Two that the USA’s interest in Vietnam came about. Eisenhower and Dulles contrevsial ‘ domino theory’ with the fear of a communist-dominated government in Vietnam and surrounding countries sparked an increase in America’s involvement. There were also secondary factors that influence the Americans such as, political and economic interests over raw materials, etc. The USA and France had separate and completely different aims, ideas and interests regarding Vietnam and Indo-china. The US’s involvement began with supplying the French with military aid to a full-scale conscript defense force, fighting battles on the ground. At a time, when the cold war was at a peak between the US and the USSR, and after the victory of stopping South Korea becoming a communist state. The USA out of all the allies in the Vietnam War was the only country involved primarily because of the ‘domino theory’. The history of the domino theory played a significant role throughout the cold war and was America’s greatest fear and motivation. The history of the Vietnamese people is marked by their continual struggle for independence. They resisted Chinese domination for one thousand years, only to see the French gain control in 1884. For seventy years the French ruled Vietnam, and for seventy years the Vietnamese resisted. When the French, in the mid-19th century, established tentative control over the southernmost provinces of Vietnam (which they called Cochin China), Vietnamese government officials ("mandarins") withdrew and refused to serve them. When the French expanded to central and northern Vietnam (Annam and Tonkin), they were met by a forceful resistance movement led by the educated elite of the country, who mobilized peasants to fight the French in pitched battles and guerrilla raids. Even after Emperor Ham Nghi -- in whose name the Vietnamese struggled -- was captured and exiled to Algeria in 1888, the movement continued. Ultimately, sheer military force enabled the French to subdue the land, if not t he people. After the defeat of the ... ...; Vietnam: A dragon embattled. New York; Praeger, 1967. Buttinger, Joseph. The Two Vietnams. New York, Praeger 1967. American policy in South East Asia, New York; Institute of pacific relations, 1950. The struggle for Indo-china. Stanford; Stanford University press, 1966. Internet resources-: Vietnam Veterans: http://www.nps.gov/vive/index2.htm U.S. History Pages: http://web.uvic.ca/hrd/history.learn-teach/VietnamPage.htm The Vietnam Alliance: http://www.fva.org/